99-030
Response May 23, 2000
REQUEST
LETTER
99‑030
April 30, 1999
Re: TRUST
("TRUST" or "TRUST
Trust")
Dear NAME;
This letter describes a financing program
that CORPORATION ("CORPORATION") is implementing in several states.
As further explained below, we request confirmation that CORPORATION's program
will comply with Utah law.
The program's structure requires that all
leased vehicles be titled in the name
of the designated titling trust, TRUST(referred to as "TRUST"). TRUST.
Trust is a STATE business trust and the nominee owner of legal title to leased
vehicles held for the benefit of two trust beneficiaries, CORPORATION and TRUST
B ("TRUST B"). The relationship between TRUST. Trust, CORPORATION and
TRUST B. Trust is discussed in more detail below and is illustrated in the
diagram attached as Exhibit A.
I. BACKGROUND
CORPORATION
CORPORATION is one of the largest commercial
finance companies specializing in automotive-related finance. CORPORATION's
consolidated total assets (owned and serviced) exceeds $$$$$ and its equity exceeds $$$$$. Its
holdings include retail and wholesale automotive sales finance contracts,
insurance and mortgage banking operations. As part of its business, CORPORATION
is also one of the largest retail
automotive lessors. CORPORATION began retail automotive leasing #### years ago.
At DATE, its lease portfolio exceeded $$$$$.
CORPORATION Funding Strategy
Due to its size, CORPORATION needs to access
the broadest possible markets to finance its operations. In more than #####
years of existence, CORPORATION has observed, and in some cases led, many
changes in the financial markets.
Along with the use of its own capital, CORPORATION
traditionally has funded its automotive financing operations through the sale
of debt securities and commercial paper in the public markets
Need for Lease Securitization
Retail leasing is an area of rapid portfolio
growth for CORPORATION primarily due to economic considerations. As quality and
content of vehicles have improved, prices of new and used automobiles have
risen. As a result, consumers who wish to drive newer vehicles have found that
leasing is a desirable option, because it permits them to make lower monthly
payments relative to purchasing. In
order to maintain and improve its ability to make leases available to
consumers, CORPORATION is seeking to issue securities directly or, indirectly
secured by automobile lease receivables (a process known as 'lease
securitization").
Challenges of Lease Securitization: Titling
Lease securitization has been a particularly
challenging area for automobile finance companies. One of the more difficult
areas to be addressed in a lease securitization has involved state motor
vehicle certificate of title laws.
Certificate of title laws require owners of
motor vehicles to be recorded on certificates of title. As a result, a
financial investor in lease receivables may need to record its name on each automobile title in order to assure it
will be protected if the originator or seller of the leases encounters financial
problems. Absent a title held in the name of the financial investor, or a
person acting on its behalf (e.g., a
trustee), the financial investor has little assurance its purchase will not be
reversed if the originator/seller declares bankruptcy. Due to that risk, a
financial investor not reflected, directly or indirectly, on the vehicle
certificate of title can be assured of no greater protection if the
originator/seller of the lease becomes bankrupt than an unsecured
creditor of the originator/seller.
Consequently, without a procedure to efficiently
record the interest of financial investors in lease receivables on certificates
of title, the economic benefits of securitization to the automobile finance
company and consumers (e.g., more favorable rates on the finance company's
loans to consumers) are limited. Moreover, the cost to record each potential
transfer of a financial investor's interest in a large number of motor vehicles
is economically prohibitive. As a result, lessors have developed a procedure to title cars In the name of a trust
(sometimes referred to as a titling trust") which addresses these Issues.
The Titling Trust: A Familiar Solution
A trust is a fiduciary relationship in which
the trust or the trustee is the holder
of the title to property subject to an equitable obligation to keep or use it
for the exclusive benefit of another person (the beneficiary). When leased
vehicles are titled in the name of a trust, the trustee performs its
traditional role of holding legal title for trust beneficiaries. In the case of
a titling trust, the trust beneficiaries are the financial investors or the
real owners of the vehicles. Both the
trustee and the beneficiaries agree to effect a certificate of title
transfer when the vehicle is acquired by someone that is not a beneficiary of
the trust.
The Titling Trust: Parallels in the Mortgage
Industry
The solution offered by use of a titling
trust is similar, in many respects, to solutions established in the development
of mortgage-backed securities. For mortgages, uncertainty of perfection of
security interests arose because of real estate recording statutes. Concern
regarding title to a mortgagee's real estate interest precluded securitization
of mortgage loans until procedures were developed to perfect the security
interest of mortgage investors, by having the recorded mortgage held in the
name of a trustee, custodian or servicer acting for all mortgage investors.
With respect to the financial investors in
each mortgage, the role of titleholding by a
servicer/custodian is that of a nominee,
holding bare legal title only, such that the title held by the
servicer/custodian has no asset value. The
mortgage is an asset of the financial investor and not of the
servicer/custodian. Interests owned by financial investors are reflected on the
books of the trustee or servicer. The trustee or servicer also keeps records
necessary to trace all mortgage-related parties that have income and other tax
obligations. The investment asset value of mortgages can then be traded among
financial investors just like stocks and bonds, without the need to change the
record titleholder each time beneficial interests in mortgage-backed securities
are transferred. The procedures CORPORATION and other automotive finance
companies have developed for compliance with certificate of title laws employ
the same basic solution.
II. CORPORATION's
FINANCING PROGRAM
Titling Trust: TRUST. Trust
Under CORPORATION's proposal, a trust will be
named on the certificate of title as a nominee for the trust beneficiaries. To
this end, CORPORATION created a trust, TRUST"),
that owns only the bare legal title to leased vehicles and accepts
responsibility to pass all requisite rights and obligations related to the vehicles
onto the trust's beneficiaries, CORPORATION and TRUST B. Trust. As more fully
described below, TRUST B. Trust is a recently established leasing entity. These
trust beneficiaries own 100% of the economic interest in each lease and related
vehicle.
CORPORATION has also created a lease
servicing system in which CORPORATION, as servicer appointed by the trust
beneficiaries and the trustee, accepts full responsibility for the trust
beneficiaries' compliance with all state and federal laws (tax and otherwise)
in connection with each beneficiaries' role as beneficial owner and lessor of
motor vehicles. In addition, CORPORATION,
as servicer, accepts the obligation to maintain records of the investment in
leased vehicles and to report tax and other matters in respect of the
automobiles subject to lease.
TRUST Trust is a STATE business trust that
does not have the characteristics required to be deemed engaged in business,
such as employees, offices or tangible property, or revenue. Furthermore, TRUST
Trust does not:
‑ receive
any rent;
‑ enjoy
any of the benefits of ownership;
‑ receive
any compensation as nominee holder of legal title to vehicles;
‑ reflect
any vehicles or leases on its books and records; nor
‑ realize
any gains or losses attributed to ownership of leases or leased vehicles.
TRUST Trust is merely the nominee titleholder to leased vehicles
beneficially owned by CORPORSTION or TRUST B Trust, as applicable, and
therefore TRUST Trust will not engage in any business in Utah.
TRUST Trust's sole purpose is to act as a
safe repository of titles to vehicles purchased by CORPORATION and TRUST B.
Trust who are the trust beneficiaries. As outlined in Exhibit A, TRUST Trust never originates the lease, nor is it
ever the owner of an economic interest in the vehicle. Whenever a dealer
originates a lease, either CORPORATION or TRUST Trust will purchase the vehicle and lease from the dealer. Title
to each such vehicle is directed by CORPORATION or TRUST B Trust, as
applicable, to be created in the name of "TRUST" or "TRUST.
Trust," as its nominee. The title would be re-registered when any
non-beneficiary acquires the vehicle, which is generally only at lease end.
Lease Entities: TRUST B Trust/CORPORATION
TRUST B Trust is a recently established
Delaware business trust that is principally owned by several major financial
institutions and has only minimal ownership by affiliates of CORPORATION. Two
major rating agencies have reviewed and assigned an investment grade rating of RATING
to the equity of TRUST B Trust.
As previously mentioned, TRUST B Trust may
purchase most of the new leases and vehicles directly from GM dealers. Any
vehicles and related leases that are not eligible to be purchased by TRUST B.
Trust (e.g., terms greater than 36 months) in accordance with its agreements
with the equity owners of TRUST B.
Trust, will continue to be purchased by CORPORATION. In each case, either CORPORATION
or TRUST. Trust will direct that the vehicles be titled in the name of TRUST .
Trust as its respective nominee. Titles to vehicles beneficially owned by TRUST
B. Trust and CORPORATION will be held by TRUST Trust in their own separate and distinct beneficiary account.
Since the legal title owner, however, is TRUST Trust (regardless of which
TRUST Trust beneficiary (CORPORATION or TRUST B Trust) owns the economic and
beneficial interest in each vehicle), the beneficiary need not and should not
be independently identified on the certificate of title. For future vehicles
purchased and leased by CORPORATION, TRUST Trust or any other potential
financial investor in leases originated under CORPORATION's programs, all
certificates of title will be titled in TRUST Trust, as nominee. See Exhibit B
for more detail on the sequence of transactions (under both current and
proposed structures) in the life of retail leases.
Similar to CORPORATION, TRUST B Trust will be
appropriately licensed in each state where it does business. Conversely, TRUST
Trust should not be required to be licensed in any state since it does not
engage in business of any type and only acts as nominee for its beneficiaries.
Furthermore, CORPORATION and TRUST B Trust
are responsible for payment of state taxes since all ownership rights of value
and all cash flows from leases are the property of CORPORATION and TRUST B Trust,
as applicable. CORPORATION in its role
as servicer, will be responsible for notifying the trust beneficiaries, CORPORATION
and TRUST B Trust, of such obligations and for remitting receipts of taxes to
each state on their behalf.
In summary, the purpose of CORPORATION's
lease securitization program is to create an efficient system that ensures
compliance with all applicable laws, including motor vehicle laws, while making
the asset value of leases more saleable and, therefore, less costly for
consumers.
III. UTAH
CONFIRMATION OF CORPORATION's PROGRAM REQUESTED
CORPORATION is prepared to begin the process
of titling all vehicles leased to consumers in Utah as part of the
securitization program described above. This process is already underway in a
number of other states. Therefore, we respectfully request your written confirmation
on the following points:
1. The
program's structure requires that all vehicles be titled in the name of TRUST or TRUST Trust in order for the associated
lease to be included in the lease securitization program.
Please confirm: titling in the name of TRUST or
TRUST Trust is acceptable and in
compliance with Utah law.
2. In
light of TRUST Trust's nominee role and absence of business activities, CORPORATION
and TRUST B Trust will individually be responsible for satisfying all licensing
requirements and for ensuring compliance with state tax law.
Please confirm: (I) TRUST Trust will be
exempt from all licensing, dealership and state tax requirements and (ii) CORPORATION
and TRUST B Trust will be responsible for all licensing, dealership and state
tax requirements.
Thank you again for your attention to this
matter. We hope this discussion of CORPORATION's proposed lease securitization
program has been helpful and look forward to your response.
RESPONSE
LETTER
May 23, 2000
RE: Advisory
Opinion Concerning TRUST (TRUST. Trust@)
Dear NAME,
You have requested an advisory opinion
concerning a financing program that CORPORATION is implementing in several states.
You request confirmation that
CORPORATION=s program, which would require all vehicles
leased by CORPORATION to be titled in the name of a titling trust known as TRUST
Trust, will comply with Utah law.
Specifically, you ask the Commission to confirm:
1. That
titling leased vehicles in the name of TRUST. Trust is acceptable and in
compliance with Utah law; and
2. That
TRUST Trust will be exempt from all licensing, dealership, and state tax
requirements and that CORPORATION and Central Originating Lease Trust (TRUST B
Trust@) will be responsible for all licensing,
dealership, and state tax requirements.
Titling Leased Vehicles. As
to your first request, a motor vehicle is required to be titled by its
owner. Utah Code Ann. '41-1a-102(40)(c) states that if a vehicle is
the subject of an agreement to lease, the lessor is considered the owner until
the lessee exercises his option to purchase the vehicle. Your proposed financing program appears to
establish that TRUST Trust is the lessor of the leased motor vehicles. As such, TRUST Trust would also be
considered the owner for titling purposes.
Your financing program would appear to transfer only a beneficial
interest in TRUST Trust, which would not affect its status as the lessor of the
motor vehicles. If this is indeed the
case, then TRUST Trust would remain the owner of the vehicles and there would
be no need to retitle the vehicles.
However, should you organize a transfer so that an entity other than TRUST
Trust becomes the lessor of the vehicles, then the vehicles would need to be
titled in the name of the new lessor.
Licensing, Dealership, and Tax Requirements. As
to your second request, TRUST Trust does not have the characteristics required
to be deemed engaged in business, such as employees, offices or tangible
property, or revenue. Therefore,
without a principal place of business, TRUST Trust cannot be licensed as a
dealer in Utah. Utah Code Ann. '41-3-204(1)(a). Consequently, TRUST Trust would be unable to carry out the licensing,
dealership, or tax responsibilities and liabilities arising out of your
financing program. Instead, these
responsibilities and liabilities would fall upon the appropriate trustees or
beneficiaries associated with TRUST. Trust because TRUST Trust is deemed to
have constructive presence in Utah because its trustee or trustees have a
presence in Utah and are acting on behalf of TRUST. Trust in a fiduciary
capacity. If, as proposed in your
financing program, CORPORATION and TRUST B Trust are indeed the trustees or
beneficiaries of TRUST Trust, the responsibilities and liabilities associated
with your financing program, including those associated with TRUST Trust, would
fall upon them.
Please note that the opinions offered above
are based on the assumption that the circumstances you describe in your letter
in fact correspond with the legal and financial documents and relationships
associated with the TRUST Trust.
Should the actual facts be different from those presented in your letter,
a different opinion may be applicable.
Please contact us if you have any other questions.
For the Commission,
Marc B. Johnson
Commissioner